Report from the Field: 2023 Ohio Mushroom Festival

by Crystal Davidson

The inaugural Ohio Mushroom Festival was held on September 21-24, 2023, in Garrettsville, Ohio, attracting over 500 mushroom enthusiasts. The event took place at Southington Off-Road Park, which is situated on over 1,500 acres. While the park featured an existing campground, the festival’s founder, Vint Westley, labored with love to spruce up and expand it just for the festival. Much of the property was wooded, with some existing trails, so many of the forays were conducted onsite. The sandy campground has a good mix of trees, oak and sycamore dominant with beautiful white birch sprinkled throughout. This land was also home to a few unusual plants, such as sundews (Drosera rotundifolia), wild cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon), and orchids (Spiranthes arcisepala), as noted by some of the presenters. To ensure the greatest diversity of finds, some later forays were held offsite.

Drosera rotundifolia; photo by Alan Rockefeller

Ohio Mushroom Society board member Kyle Canan and his team at Ohio Mushroom DNA Lab accepted many samples for free DNA sequencing. Several specimens were cataloged and accessioned into the University of West Alabama Herbarium by Assistant Curator of Fungi Alisha Millican. This was done with an immeasurable amount of assistance in documentation and organization from fastidious John Plischke and others. Both daytime and nighttime UV flashlight forays were offered, giving attendees the opportunity to hike alongside Walt Surgeon, Alan Rockefeller, Mandie Quark, Jim Sayers, Don King, Mycology Mike, James Mann, Anisha Kumra, Kevin McLane, Sherab Chen, Johnathan “Scooby” Bohla, Raymond James, and myself. One particularly intriguing specimen, both during day and night time, was this fungus encrusted deer skull found partially buried in the dirt by Alisha, which fluoresces under the blacklight!

Deer skull fluorescing under blacklight; photo by Alisha Millican

Of the hundreds of specimens found, over 150 species were documented on iNaturalist, which can be viewed here:

https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?project_id=ohio-mushroom-festival-2023-b78a484e-2dc1-438c-949c-b7da843794dd


A few notable finds included Trichoglossum (Hairy Earth Tongue), Laetiporus sulphureus (Chicken of the Woods), Rutstroemia, Grifola frondosa (Hen of the Woods), Mucronella, Psilocybe caerulipes (Blue Foot), Thuemenella cubispora, Cyptotrama chrysopepla (Golden Coincap), and Jafnea semitosta.

Crystal Davidson and Walt Sturgeon at the ID table. Photo by Vint Westley
Thuemenella cubispora. Photo by Crystal Davidson
Possibly Thelebolus. Photo by Crystal Davidson
Laccaria amythestina. Photo by Crystal Davidson
Psilocybe caerulipes. Photo by Heather Clark
Pholiota subsulphurea under 365nm UV flashlight. Photo by Crystal Davidson

While many folks have dreamed of a locally grown mycofest, the Ohio Mushroom Festival was Vint’s brainchild. He carefully assembled the team of forays leaders, identifiers, presenters, vendors, and volunteers to ensure that all fungus fanatics were represented. In addition to the handful of foray leaders and identifiers who doubled as presenters, programs were offered by Cara Manigold, Michael Wilson, Travis Tyler Fluck, Craig & Michelle Tomko, Carly Conrad, Cody Detmer, Shannon Leahy, Ashley Avocado, Chad & Michelle Fritz, Kate Miller, John Whelton & Lyndsey Sytopkey, Mallory Saunders, Nick & Ashely Keller, Joe Gergley, and organizer Vint. Topics were widespread, so that every mycophiles’ niche interests were explored, from cooking to cultivation, photography to identification, Amanita partaking, kombucha making, and spiritual reconnection with nature through yoga and sound baths.

Walt Sturgeon. Photo by Heather Clark
Kevin McLane and Alan Rockefeller. Photo by Vint Westley

Each evening concluded with performances from multiple musical acts, which kept the crowd grooving until bedtime… though not late enough to interfere with the following morning’s forays. Saturday evening, however, was punctuated by both the lyrical freestyling of Fungi Flows and the burning of the Amanita mushrooms! The flaming fungi were set up in front of a large rock cliff face, creating a lovely illuminated stone backdrop for the festival goers. Several delicious food trucks kept anyone from getting hangry throughout the weekend, and even the hot dog vendor managed to incorporate some oyster mushrooms as a creative wiener topping.

Before the Burn. Photo by Leigh Melendez
Burning Amanitas. Photo by Crystal Davidson

As can be expected for any first time event, there were some limited unexpected opportunities for improvement, but these were very few. Unfortunately, some of the presentations were difficult to hear due to the sound person getting COVID just before the festival, but some last-minute pivoting by the festival staff adjusting locations of some activities helped to reduce surrounding background volume. The weather beforehand could have been better behaved and precipitated a bit more. However, the festival was well organized and ran quite smoothly overall, and guest feedback was impressively positive, which was reflective of the dedicated efforts of the volunteer staff.

Photo by Vint Westley

If you missed your opportunity to attend in 2023, have no fear; because it was such a great time last year, Vint has decided to host the 2024 Ohio Mushroom Festival on September 12-15th. The festival has also been expanded to include a Morel Foray on May 4th. This year’s festival will be held at Joe Bottoms Campground, in Hammondsville, Ohio. Tickets for the Morel Foray initially sold out, but a few more were released and are still available. Tickets for either event and other details are available at ohiomushroomfestival.com.

Foray Group. Photo by Faith Ritchie
Lecture. Photo by Vint Westley
Fungi Flows and Friend. Photo by Vint Westley
Faith Ritchie and Kyle Canan. Photo by Faith Ritchie

OMS Transition to New Email Domain

by Jerry Pepera

Starting in 2024, the OMS has adopted standardized club email addresses instead of using personal email for club business. In addition, we have transitioned to a new domain (OhioMushroomSociety.org) and will be discontinuing OhioMushroom.org. Emails sent to the old domain (membership@ohiomushroom.org, e.g.) will still be monitored for the foreseeable future, but will be shutdown sometime this year. Note that our new domain will only be used for email; we will not create a website using this new domain name. We will continue to use WordPress (ohiomushroomsociety.wordpress.com) as our public facing website, as it works extremely well for our purposes and renders perfectly on any device or platform.

There are several good reasons for the email address changes:

  • A common look and feel that is more professional and personally connected. Email addresses will be name specific (for example, DebraShankland@OhioMushroomSociety.org instead of OMS_President@… or JerryPepera@OhioMushroomSociety.org instead of membership@…).
  • Clean separation between club email and personal email. We get significant volumes of OMS email and having separate accounts will help ensure a more timely responses to inquiries.
  • More control over SPAM
        * Our personal emails are under constant attack from SPAM and PHISHIING attempts. Removing our personal email addresses from the WordPress site will lower our online exposure.
        * Our new club domain also allows us more control over SPAM filter settings.
  • We have updated the WordPress site and our newsletter with the new email addresses. Please start using these new addresses immediately. You may still receive emails from the OMS using the old addresses, but this will quickly diminish.

To be sure our emails always make it to your inbox, we recommend you do one of the following:

  • Add us as a contact to your email address book. Most email providers will not direct incoming email to your SPAM folder if the address is in your contacts.
  • Add us to your approved senders list, also known as a whitelist. Most email providers provide this capability and you can add an individual email address or an entire domain (e.g. @OhioMushroomSociety.org).

Some additional guidance for some well-known email providers can be found at https://clean.email/blog/email-security/how-to-whitelist-an-email

From the Archives: Morels and How to Find Them

The article linked below was published by OMS in the January/February 2007 Mushroom Log and was originally written for readers in the Washington D.C. area at least two years earlier. In spite of the passage of time and the different geography, most of it is still very useful for those in Ohio who want to learn to find morel mushrooms. Many thanks to Pete Richards for contributing the following comments to update and supplement it.

MORELS AND HOW TO FIND THEM, BY TIM GEHO

2024 Supplementary Notes by Pete Richards:

Frequent mention is made of Michael Kuo’s website MushroomObserver.com and of a “forthcoming” book on morels by him, “due October 2005”. www.mushroomobserver.com is still a vital website, actively updated, one of the most useful for learning about mushrooms in general and morels specifically. His book, Morels (2005), is fun and informative and should be required reading for would-be morel hunters.

Three websites are cited in the article as places to follow the progression of morel fruitings from south to north as the spring progresses, in the form of frequently-updated maps with dates of first reported morel sightings for the year in a given place:

www.mushroomexpert.com no longer provides progress maps.
www.morelmania.com now catalogs sightings via a private Facebook group.
www.morelmushroomhuntingclub.com is no longer an active website, but www.morelmushroomhunting.com appears to be a replacement, although at least parts of it appear to be member-only

https://www.thegreatmorel.com/morel-sightings/ is an alternative site for morel progression maps that has a map set up for 2024 (mostly blank as of March 1, 2024).

The article suggests that tulip popular groves are the best place to find morels. This may be true in the area around Washington D.C., but is not true for Ohio in my experience.  Although large elms and ash trees are largely things of the past, hunting can still be good around smaller elms, and around recently dead ash trees. Old apple trees and orchards and wild cherry trees can be productive. Burn sites are worth investigating. Some people swear by old iron, such as fences and even rusty farm implements.

The article mentions the changing taxonomy of morels in response to DNA studies, with 14 recognized species, at least 6 in Pennsylvania. As of 2024, MushroomExpert.com lists 18 species of morels (the genus Morcella). Of these, five definitely occur in Ohio, and two more are possible. The morels commonly referred to as the greys, yellows, and whites are M. esculentoides or M. cryptica; the two species cannot be separated by eye, but both are choice edibles. M. angusticeps is the black morel (east of the Rockies). M. punctipes is the half-free morel. M. diminutiva is a small light-colored morel, rare in my experience. M. prava and M. tomentosa are known from other areas, but might possibly be found in Ohio. In my experience, M. esculentoides/M cryptica and M. punctipes are most common, followed by M. angusticeps, with M. diminutiva the least common. MushroomExpert.com will help you recognize these, all of which are edible.

Finally, please be sure you learn the difference between the Morcella species and similar species of the genera Verpa and Gyromitra, the false morels. To novice collectors, these can be mistaken for true morels, but their edibility is a matter of debate, at best, and some are quite toxic. Consult MushroomExpert.com, and don’t take a chance on something you are not sure is one of the Morcella species. If possible, have an experienced morel collector check your finds individually to verify your identifications.

Michael Kuo’s mnemonic recommendations for morel hunters:

If it ain’t hollow, don’t swallow.
If it’s wavy, don’t make it gravy.
If it’s reddish, you could be deadish.
When in doubt, throw it out!

                                      –Morels, pg. 30

If you don’t understand these recommendations, then you’re not yet ready to put those mushrooms in your spaghetti.

– Pete Richards

It’s time to join OMS!

by Debra Shankland

What does membership do for you?  Click on the “Join” tab in the black bar above to see all the details, including how to join. It’s true that we don’t take credit cards, crypto, Venmo or PayPal, just good, old-fashioned checks. We apologize to those who find this an inconvenience, but we are not incorporated.

Don’t miss a single issue of The Mushroom Log–join today!

The Lactifluus Milk Mushrooms

by Walt Sturgeon

Lactifluus is an old genus name that has been resurrected and has been given to several milk mushroom species previously put in the genus Lactarius. The reason?  DNA has shown that the species in Lactifluus descended from a different ancestral line than those still in Lactarius.

Morphological differences are there, but there can be exceptions. Two commonly encountered groups have abundant white latex with no brightly colored staining. Brown staining is most likely. The latex in the piperatus group is acrid, and it is mild in the volemus group.

The piperatus group have white caps and abundant white acrid tasting latex. The latex may turn yellow after a few minutes. Lactifluus piperatus has extremely crowded gills. Lactifluus subvellereus has more distant gills. Lactifluus deceptivus has a pseudo partial veil that leaves a cottony stretchy cap margin. None of these is considered edible due to taste. Some may become palatable after boiling.

The volemus group has abundant white mild tasting latex. Some have a fishy odor which disappears on cooking. They are considered good edibles by most. The Bradley, Lactifluus volemus, has a brownish orange cap and close gills.  Lactifluus hygrophoroides is similar but has distant gills. Lactifluus corrugis has darker caps and usually a wrinkled cap surface near the margin. All benefit from frying until nearly crisp.

Lactifluus piperatus (photo by Michael Kuo via mushroomexpert.com)
Lactarius subvellereus var. subdistans (photo by Michael Kuo via mushroomexpert.com)
Lactifluus deceptivus (photo by Walt Sturgeon)
Lactifluus volemus (photo by Michael Kuo via mushroomexpert.com)
Lactifluus hygrophoroides (formerly Lactarius hygrophoroides)
(photo by Michael Kuo via mushroomexpert.com)
Lactifluus corrugis (photo by Walt Sturgeon)

OMS 2023 Dick Grimm Memorial Banquet

Our club’s eagerly anticipated annual capstone event will take place this year at 1 PM on Sunday, November 5 at Pondi’s Restaurant in Lisbon. The presenter will be our own expert field mycologist, author and award-winning photographer Walt Sturgeon, who will talk about “Some Significant Macro Fungi”, richly illustrated with his original photographic images. There will also be fun door prizes and a chance to catch up with each other in a relaxed atmosphere.

Pondi’s is a century-old restaurant located along the Little Beaver Creek at 8954 OH-45 in Lisbon, which is east of Canton near the OH-PA border. This event is open to all OMS members; you pay only for the food and drink you order. And there’s a great variety of dishes to please all palates!  See more at pondislisbon.com.

Please contact Walt at mycowalt@comcast.net with the number in your party by November 2.  We look forward to seeing you there!

On Foraging and Mycological Sustainability

Pete Richards

During a month’s vacation in an east coast state this summer, I joined the state mushroom interest group on Facebook to get an idea of what mushrooms were being found, when and where. I found the site dominated by posts boasting of great harvests of edible mushrooms, particularly the chanterelle family, often accompanied by pictures of backpack-sized baskets filled to the brim with statements like, “Found these this morning; going back tomorrow for more”. Not rare were statements like, “Sold them all in a couple of hours”. My postings seeking help identifying other, presumably inedible mushrooms often received no comments.

This has led me to think again about the sustainability of our harvesting of mushrooms. I read in the July- August 2023 Mushroom Log that Minnesota is considering regulating mushroom collecting, including daily “bag” limits. I guess resource managers are asking the sustainability question as well.

Here are some commonly-heard statements about collecting mushrooms, and some possible further considerations.

  • Mushrooms are the fruiting body of the fungus – they are like apples on an apple tree. Picking them does not harm the fungus. A useful analogy, at least for beginners.  However, apple trees do not rely on the seeds in the apples for reproduction and ultimately for survival. Mushrooms do, and it is the fruiting body that does the job.
  • Mushrooms are so abundant and hard to find that you can’t possibly over-pick them. It’s never happened. One study of a popular collecting area found no damage from collecting. This is for the most part an unsupported assertion of the “Who could believe…” type. Even one study, even if valid, only provides one example of no observed damage. I doubt if we have enough data to even begin to evaluate this assertion.
  • Mushrooms produce billions and billions of spores. Certainly, there are plenty left to preserve the species, even with collecting. Producing spores demands part of the energy budget available to the mushroom plant. Spores are cheap to produce energetically, but each has a very low probability of producing a new plant. A very large and rather uncertain number of spores X a very low probability of success = a very uncertain number of successes. It seems wise to assume that mushrooms are not wasting energy producing unneeded spores.
  • We can’t pick them all, but it’s OK to pick some. We need to leave 25%. 25% is an unsupported guess, but at least it’s a middle-ground. The problem here is that it assumes only one collector. If one person on a morning foray collects 75% of a patch, then in the afternoon another person collects 75% of what he finds there, and the next day a third person collects 75% of the remainder, only about 1.5% of the original patch remains. Maybe that’s enough to maintain the patch, maybe not. But it certainly does not meet the original guideline.
  • If I don’t take them, someone else will. The ultimate rationalization, and far too often the choice we make, especially when there are just a few.

The mushrooms that we collect are mostly an unregulated resource shared by all – a commons. Garrettt Hardin, in a perceptive 1968 essay called “The Tragedy of the Commons”*, points out that when a commonly-held resource is abundant and is perceived as unlimited, the users of the commons tend to use it judiciously. But when the limits of the resource are perceived by the users, they tend to grab for more – If I don’t take them, someone else will.  Although Hardin was addressing population growth, the concepts have broader applicability. In our case, it is the increasing number of mushroom collectors that threatens sustainability. And the decreasing resource area. And foraging for the market as opposed to individual use. And maybe climate change? And? And?

I don’t have the answers. I probably don’t even have all the questions. But I do think that many of the pat statements we make as collectors are only rationalizations to permit activity that is increasingly unsustainable. Perhaps we can be more judicious. Or perhaps we will end up with annual mushrooming licenses with bag limits on morels and chanterelles, and a lottery for a king bolete permit.  

*Hardin’s essay is available online, e.g. at the following link. It’s worth reading.

It’s Windy!

Pete Richards

Should I go on that mushroom hike in the woods?  Should I take responsibility for leading others on that mushroom hike in the woods?  These are difficult decisions, especially at the time of an eagerly-awaited outing. How much danger goes along with a certain level of wind?  Web-based weather forecasts provide a reasonable estimate of the wind speeds that might be encountered.  What is needed is related information about the risks of being in the woods with those winds.

An excellent resource (https://kindlingplayandtraining.co.uk/forest-school/wind-and-woods/ ) is provided by Kindling, an English company that provides resources for Forest Schools, and I draw on it heavily here, especially for their great diagram of the Beaufort Wind Scale for land.

The scale suggests that winds up to 20 mph are safe, and winds even up to 30 mph are usually safe.  In addition to the wind speed and particularly the speed of gusts, however, a number of other factors should be considered.

What direction is the wind from?  If it is an unusual direction for your area (east?), the trees may be less adapted to it and more prone to damage.  If the wind is coming from, say, the north, and you are entering a large woods from the south, the force of the wind will be diminished by passing through and over the entire woods.

How old are the trees in the woods?  Young trees are more resilient than older ones. Unfortunately, mature woods generally have more mushrooms.

How healthy are the woods? How much deadwood is there?  Signs of decay signal greater danger.  Unfortunately, these are exactly the conditions we look for to find mushrooms!

Be particularly aware of hanging dead branches (so-called “widow makers”).  These can fall in much gentler winds than would be required to break them off in the first place – in fact they can fall with no help from wind at all.

Trees surrounding openings tend to grow into the opening, making them out of balance and vulnerable to falling into the opening, especially under wet conditions.

Some tree species are more prone to the complete breaking off of large branches in strong winds.  Beeches and oaks seem to fall in this category.  But that’s where the boletes are.

Guided by this information, the bottom line is that if you do not feel safe in the woods, don’t go there!  But don’t automatically give up because the forecast is for 15-20 mph winds.  Breezy, yes.  Dangerous? Probably not very.

The Spring Ephemerals

submitted by Glenn Kotnik, Zaleski, Ohio

Imagine a hike in the woods, perhaps the Zaleski State forest, late March, still a few patches of snow but it’s sunny and a promise of warmth in the air. I call this Winter’s twilight. I’ve had enough of winter but it’s not fully Spring yet either, a sort of seasonal twilight before Spring dawns, every now and then, hiking, a flash of green catches my eye, nascent green leaves burst through last season’s brown leaf litter. Occasionally there is a flower as well, but it will not stay around long; it’s very ephemeral. Why?

These so-called Spring ephemerals are not a type of plant, nor a botanical family, but more a specialized botanical way of doing business, plant business, which, like all life, means making more of one’s self, reproducing. The Spring ephemerals have found a way of exploiting the fleeting period of time in the woods that other woodland plants have not discovered yet, Winter’s twilight. They have found a loophole so to speak, a few weeks between hard frozen winter and spring warmth. Soon every dormant tree, shrub and plant will leaf out. Sunlight is suddenly scarce on the forest floor. The Spring ephemerals grab the sunlight before it becomes blocked by bigger and taller things, they flower, attract the few available pollinators and make seed, in the most efficient way imaginable. They are not alone in this risky ecosystem, insect pollinators such as ants not only make fertile seed possible but the insects carry seed of the plant back to their nests where the seed germinates and grows into a new flowering plant. The ant uses the flower nectar and pollen for nutrition, a mutualism or symbiosis. The ephemeral plants have adapted to this twilight niche  like cacti have adapted to the desert.

Notice features these Spring ephemerals all have in common: economy, frugality. They are compact, they grow just big enough to flower and produce seed. Then gone, dormant until next season.

Skunk Cabbage
Symplocarpus foetidis

The force that through the green fuse drives the flower
 Drives my green age, that blasts the roots of trees
Is my destroyer.
And I am dumb to tell the crooked rose
My youth is bent by the same wintery fever.
                                                                        Dylan Thomas Circa 1930

I wonder.  Could Thomas have been thinking of this green fuse, the earliest emerging of all woodland flowering plants, biochemically blasting its way through ice and snow? Notice the net-veining in the spathe, very unusual in a monocot.

Blood Root
Sanguinaria canadensis

The net-veined leaves of blood root are seen very early in spring, the large many-petaled flowers only a week or two later.

Bluets
Houstonia caerulea

Found in very early spring in small patches.  The four petals distinguish bluets from spring beauty and other early spring plants.

Spring Beauty
Claytonia virginica

The name says it all.

Cutleaved Toothwort
Cardamine concatenate

Many people will remember this early spring flower as Dentaria lancinata, but no longer. That’s taxonomy for you!

Wild Ginger
Asarum caudatum

The distinctive, ruby-colored flower of wild ginger grows at the base of the plant and is often hidden from view by the large leaves.  This photo shows the big heart-shaped leaves of wild ginger growing over the long, light and dark green striped leaves of waterleaf.  It is the roots of wild ginger, not the leaves, that have been used as a substitute for the spice ginger.

Fire Pink
Silene virginica

Not a very early spring flower, but the small patches of intense red add drama to spring. They seem to favor steep slopes making photography difficult, and also difficult for deer to browse.

Star of Bethlehem
Ornithogalum umbellatum

The six petals distinguish this wildflower from spring beauty. This is a common plant in woodland areas but is not native to North America.  It has been imported from parts of Europe and Asia. It is considered an invasive plant.

Large-Flowered Trillium
Trillium grandiflorum

Another flowering plant awaited by many as assuring certainty of spring’s arrival. Flowers of this white Trillium remain overlapping at the base, a feature differentiating it from drooping Trillium and Snow Trillium.

Toad Shade
Trillium sessile

Perhaps the wildflower with the most enigmatic common name. The three sepals curve gracefully but do not hang down below the petals like the sepals of Purple Trillium, Trillium recurvatum.

Large-Flowered Trillium, Trillium grandiflorum with
Rue Anemone, Anemonella thalictroides

The paddle-shaped leaves with lobed edges make Rue Anemone hard to mistake for other plants with six-petaled flowers.

Foam Flower
Tiarella cordifolia

 Another imaginatively named wildflower.  It doesn’t take very much imagination to understand the appeal of this plant.

Wild Blue Phlox
Phlox divaricate

Common later in spring along wooded roadsides.